Iraq (disambiguation).
Iraq [27] is officially the Republic of Iraq [28] (Kurdish: Kۆmārī Iraq, Syriac: ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ)[29] is an Arab country, and is considered a federal parliamentary republic according to the constitution of Iraq,[30] and consists of eighteen governorates officially, and nineteen governorates by order. Al-Waqi’ah (the nineteenth governorate is Halabja governorate), its capital is Baghdad. It is located in Western Asia[31] overlooking the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered on the south by Kuwait and Saudi Arabia[32], on the north by Turkey[33], on the west by Syria and Jordan[34], and on the east by Iran, and it is a founding member of the League of Arab States[35], the Organization of the Islamic Conference[36] and OPEC. Most of the country’s lands are currently located in the region of Mesopotamia, and the region included the first civilizational centers in the world that were located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which is the Sumer civilization. Sumerian antiquities were also found in the current state of Kuwait [37], Bahrain [38 [39] and Ahwaz in Iran. Mesopotamia had openness and contact with the ancient civilizations of Egypt and India.[40] Many countries and civilizations have succeeded in ruling Iraq, the most important of which are the Sumerian, Neo-Babylonian, Assyrian, Medea, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, Sassanian, Manathrian, adult caliphate, Umayyad, Abbasid, Mughal, Safavid, Afsharian, and Ottoman states. Then the British Mandate, then the Kingdom of Iraq, then the First Republic, then the Republic under the rule of the Baath Party, then the Orha Authority (Reconstruction of Iraq [41]), then the Coalition Provisional Authority, then the Iraqi Interim Government, then the Iraqi Transitional Government, then the Federal Parliamentary Republic in Iraq.